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It is often assumed that α-subunit phosphorylation of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2) complex is just a mechanism to control protein synthesis. However, eIF2α phosphorylation induced by multiple kinases can recognize various intracellular and extracellular stress conditions, and it is involved in various other cellular processes beyond protein synthesis. This review introduces the roles of eIF2α phosphorylation in translational regulation, the generation of reactive oxygen species, changes in mitochondria structure and shape, and mitochondrial retrograde signaling pathways in response to diverse stress conditions. Key words eIF2α phosphorylation, Translation, Unfolded Protein Response, Reactive Oxygen Species, Mitochondria.BACKGROUND In cases of mastectomy for locally advanced breast cancer (LABC), surgical skin flap reconstruction is sometimes required to cover large skin defects. In this study of patients with LABC, the patient group that required local flap reconstruction after mastectomy and the patient group that underwent mastectomy alone were compared to evaluate the efficacy of local, cutaneous (rhomboid) flap reconstruction after mastectomy. METHODS Sixty-eight patients with LABC who underwent mastectomy were reviewed retrospectively. Fourteen patients underwent local (rhomboid) flap reconstruction after mastectomy (local flap group) and 54 patients underwent direct closure after mastectomy (direct closure group). A pinch test was performed to determine the closure method. Data regarding the operation and post-operative complications and quality of life (QOL) were compared between both groups. RESULTS It was possible to close defects in the local flap group that were significantly larger than those in the direct closure group (p=0.0002), and there were no significant differences in post-operative complications between the groups. Although the operative duration was significantly longer in the local flap group than in the direct closure group (p=0.016), the average difference was only 25 minutes. There were no significant differences in factors pertaining to post-operative QOL. CONCLUSIONS Rhomboid flap reconstruction is effective for covering large defects after mastectomy in patients with LABC.Ulnar-sided wrist pain is a common issue among athletes subjecting their wrists to forceful rotational movements. Injury to the numerous complex structures in the ulnar wrist, including the extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) tendon and the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC), can result in ulnar-sided wrist pain. Although differentiating between ECU tendinitis and TFCC injury is necessary, concurrent ECU tendon disorders and TFCC injury occur occasionally in some patients. Subluxation or dislocation of the ECU tendon is considered rare, but occasionally may cause symptoms in athletes subjecting their wrists to forceful rotational movements. We present a case of a 21-year-old male university-league ice hockey player with recurrent dislocation of the ECU tendon and ulnar-sided TFCC injury. He initially underwent stabilization of the ECU; however, his ulnar wrist pain persisted, which adversely affected his sports performance. Subsequently, he underwent additional surgery to repair the TFCC, which led to definitive resolution of his symptoms and resulted in his return to competitive level performance 3 months postoperatively. The treatment of symptomatic dislocation of the ECU remains controversial. In our patient, recurrent dislocation of the ECU tendon with concurrent ulnar-sided TFCC injury resulted in ulnar-sided wrist pain. Combined reconstruction of the tendon's subsheath using the extensor retinaculum and repairing the TFCC injury was required for full recovery of our patient's sports performance.Traumatic brain injury (TBI) often results in coagulopathy, which increases mortality risk. The clinical randomization of an antifibrinolytic in significant head injury (CRASH) -2 and CRASH-3 trials confirmed that tranexamic acid (TXA) was effective after trauma. Herein, we report a unique coagulation change in a patient with TBI given TXA after point-of-care assessment. Coagulation functions were impaired on admission. At 1 hour after TXA administration, clotting time was further prolonged in the extrinsic coagulation pathway but shortened in the intrinsic coagulation system. The results of a total thrombus-formation analysis system test showed improved blood clot formation ability. Intrinsic coagulation and clot formation improved after TXA administration in a TBI patient with coagulopathy.This review aimed to clarify the following aspects of tenosynovial giant cell tumors (TSGCTs) the use of multiple names, the complex relationship between the tumor growth pattern and location, the high postoperative recurrence rates, local invasiveness, and the use of non-surgical therapy with molecular targeted drugs, as well as to discuss the currently available best treatments. This tumor has been called by various names in the past, but it is in the direction of being unified to TSGCT. TSGCT is classified into the localized and diffuse types according to the growth characteristics. Most cases of TSGCT of the fingers are of the localized type. TSGCT is probably a neoplastic process arising from the synovial lining cells, in which the tumor cells express the colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) gene. The postoperative recurrence rate of TSGCT is approximately 15%. The intrinsic characteristics of recurrence are not clear, and complete resection of the lesion is still the mainstay treatment. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/unc1999.html Moreover, TSGCT commonly grows out of a pseudocapsule. Therefore, to perform complete resection of TSGCT, surgery must be performed cautiously with appropriate preparation using anesthesia, tourniquet, surgical loupe, and surgical microscopy, with meticulous planning by surgeons after accurate preoperative diagnosis. The lesion should be resected along with approximately 1-mm of healthy tissue at the adhesion site. In addition, there may be satellite lesions near the tumor; therefore, careful dissection and observing the color of the surrounding tissue are important. International clinical trials are ongoing regarding the use of CSF1 receptor inhibitors for TSGCT treatment.